FROM CUSTOMARY OBLIGATIONS TO INDIGENOUS JUSTICE: LESSONS FROM CANADA FOR CORPORATE ENVIRONMENTAL LIABILITY IN INDONESIA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25041/cepalo.v10no2.5195Abstract
Enactment of Indonesia's Criminal Code creates a legal basis for integrating customary law into the criminal justice system through customary obligations as supplementary sanctions applicable to individuals and corporations. However, the implementation of Government Regulation No. 55 of 2025 on the Procedures and Criteria for the Recognition of Living Law in Society raises questions concerning the legal recognition and implementation of customary offences. This study compares Indonesia's framework for customary obligations with Canada's approach to Indigenous justice through a Global North-South perspective. Using normative legal research and legislative and comparative approaches, the study examines primary legal materials from both countries alongside relevant secondary sources. The findings show that Indonesia has incorporated customary law into its criminal justice framework, but significant normative and institutional gaps remain, particularly concerning the recognition of Indigenous communities and procedures for implementing customary obligations. Canada provides a more developed framework through constitutional recognition of Indigenous rights and restorative mechanisms, including Indigenous Environmental Sentencing Circles. The comparison suggests that Indonesia should strengthen the legal recognition of Indigenous communities, establish clear mechanisms for customary dispute resolution, and incorporate restorative principles that promote environmental restoration, social recovery, and community participation.
Keywords:
Indigenous peoples, Indonesia, Canada, Fulfillment of Customary Obligations, Customary LawDownloads
Total Abstract Views: 16 |
Total Downloads: 13
References
Ali, Mahrus. Dasar-Dasar Hukum Pidana. Jakarta Timur: Sinar Grafika, 2011.
Aprilianti, and Kasmawati. Hukum Adat Di Indonesia. Bandarlampung: Pusaka Media, 2022.
Borrows, John. Canada’s Indigenous Constitution. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010.
David Boyd, The Rights of Nature and Environmental Justice in Canada. Toronto: ECW Press, 2020.
Macklem, Patrick. Indigenous Difference and The Constitution of Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2001.
Moss, Wendy. Inuit Perspective on Treaty Rights and Governance. Ottawa: Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, 1995
Praditha, Dewa Gede Edi. Hukum Kearifan Lokal Suatu Pengantar Hukum Adat. Malang: PT. Literasi Nusantara Abadi Group, 2013.
S.R Sianturi. Asas-Asas Hukum Pidana Indonesia Dan Penerapanya. iv. Jakarta: Alumni Ahaem Peteheam, 1996.
Sihotang, Amri Panahatan. Hukum Adat Indonesia. Pertama. Semarang: Universitas Semarang Press, 2023.
Arya, Neil. “Peace and Health : Bridging The North-South Divide.” Medicine, Conflict and Survival, 2017, 87–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/13623699.2017.1360459.
Borrows, John. “Indigenous Legal Traditions in Canada.” Washington University Journal of Law and Policy 19 (2005): 167–220.
Cheas, Kirsi. “Towards Transdisciplinary Integration in Global North – South Cooperation ? Models for Investigative Collaboration Across the U . S . -Mexico Border.” Journalism Practice 2786 (2025): 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2025.2586051.
Dirkareshza, Rianda, Hilda Novyana, Surahmad, and Aisyah Nurhalizah. “Penyelesaian Sengketa Pada Masyarakat Hukum Adat Urug Melalui Studi Etnografi.” Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Sosial 10, no. 2 (2024): 218–26. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.23887/jiis.v10i2.83772.
Erfan, Muhammad, Nor Fadillah, and Fitriah. “Hukum Adat Di Indonesia: Aspek, Teori, Dan Penerapan.” Maqashiduna: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Islam 2, no. 2 (2024): 123–45. https://doi.org/10.47732/maqashiduna.v2i2.568.
Ewing, Benjamin, and Lisa Kerr. “Reconstructing Gladue.” University of Toronto Law Journal 74, no. 2 (2024): 156–95. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3138/utlj-2023-0017.
Fridayanti, Alyah, Iqbal Athallah Yusra, and Avril Aura. “Analisis Perbandingan Multikulturalisme Sebagai Kebijakan Publik Antara Indonesia Dengan Kanada.” Jurnal Ilmiah Mimbar Demokrasi, 2024, 400–406. https://doi.org/10.21009/jimd.v23i2.36689.
Liu, Michelle, and Jenna B Smith. “Judicial Restraint In Gift Lake Métis Settlement To Preserve The Metis Settlements Act.” The Canadian Bar Review 100, no. 3 (2022): 484-495.
Long, Brad S. “Corporate Social Responsibility and Reconciliation with Indigenous Peoples in Canada.” Critical Perspectives on International Business 18, no. 1 (2022): 15–30. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/cpoib-12-2017-0096.
Mahler, Anne G. “Globar South.” Oxford Bibliographies, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1093/obo/9780190221911-0055.
Mas’Ud, Fadil, Maria Fatima Muti, Hilda Taek Brigita, and Samuel Riwu Ratu. “Krisis Iklim Dan Konflik Agraria: Ancaman Ganda Terhadap Hak Asasi Manusia Di Indonesia.” Pendas : Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Dasar 10, no. 4 (2025): 265-277.
Munandar, M Aris, Amir Ilyas, Nur Azisa, Andi Muhammad Sofyan, Devi Sudjana, Muh Djaelani Prasetya, and Yuni Kartini. “Menilik Sanksi Pidana Tambahan Pemenuhan Kewajiban Adat Setempat Dalam KUHP Nasional.” Proceedings Series on Social Sciences & Humanities 27 (2025): 194–202. https://doi.org/10.30595/pssh.v27i.1842.
Murti, Rhea. “The Sentencing of Indigenous People in Canada : Where We Are Two Decades After Gladue.” Indigenous Law Journal 19, no. 1 (2023): 17–43.
Otis, Ghislain. “L ’ Autonomie Personnelle Au Coeur Des Droits Ancestraux Sub qua Lege Vivis *?” McGill Law Journal 52 (2007): 657
Putri, Nabilla Desyalika. “Kajian Yuridis Urgensi Penguatan Kedudukan Masyarakat Hukum Adat Dalam Mitigasi Perubahan Iklim Di Indonesia.” Journal of Law, Society, and Islamic Civilization 13, no. 1 (2025): 89–104. https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.2096 1/jolsic.v13i1.101079.
Rikiansyah, Aristo Septiawan, and Shanty. “Kajian Filsafat Hukum Terhadap Perubahan Paradigma Hukum Pidana Di Indonesia : Dari Pembalasan Ke Pemulihan.” Indonesian Journal of Law and Justice 1, no. 4 (2024): 1–8. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.47134/ijlj.v1i4.2719.
Sitio, Louis Enjelita Dearni, Ida Nadirah, and Tengku Erwiansyah. “Pemenuhan Kewajiban Adat Dalam Perspektif Hukum Adat Batak Sebagai Bentuk Pidana Tambahan Terhadap Anak Yang Berkonflik Dengan Hukum.” Jurnal Al-Waqfu 3, no. 3 (2025): 1-10.
Widayati, Lidya Suryani. “Pemenuhan Kewajiban Adat Sebagai Pidana Tambahan Dalam RUU KUHP Lidya.” Jurnal Hukum Ius Quia Iustum 20, no. 3 (2013): 362–85.
Canada ’ s Fisheries Act 1985.
Canadian Environmental Protection Act 1999.
Constitution Act 1982.
Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia 1945
Criminal Code of Canada 2025.
Criminal Code of Indonesia 2023.
Government Regulation No. 55 of 2025 concerning Procedures and Criteria for Determining Laws that are Alive in Society
Impact Assessment Act Canada 2025.
Indian Act 2019.
Law No. 1 of 2026 concerning Criminal Adjustments.
Nunavut Land Claims Agreement Act 1993 as amended by Nunavut Land Claims Agreement Act 2004.
United Nations Declarations on The Rights of Indigenous 2007
Supreme Court of Canada. R. v. Powley (2003).
Aliansi Masyarakat Adat Nusantara. “Catatan Akhir Tahun AMAN 2025 : Negara Gagal Menghentikan Perampasan Wilayah Adat.” aman.or.id, 2025. https://aman.or.id/news/read/2283.
CR 33. “KUHP Nasional Ubah Paradigma Hukum Pidana Fokus Ke Pemulihan Sosial.” Hukum Online, 2025. https://www.hukumonline.com/berita/a/KUHP-nasional-ubah-paradigma-hukum-pidana-fokus-ke-pemulihan-sosial-lt679b4b81c5fc8/?page=3&_gl=1*ldewrd*_up*MQ..*_ga*MTY3Nzk3MTEyNC4xNzcwNTMzNzk4*_ga_XVDEV3KKL2*czE3NzA1MzM3OTgkbzEkZzAkdDE3NzA1MzM3OTgkajYwJGwwJGgw.
Gill, Rajvir. “Where Are We Now? Indigenous Peoples in Canada.” Global Pluralism Monitor. Accessed February 16, 2026. https://monitor.pluralism.ca/article/where-are-we-now-indigenous-peoples-in-canada/.
Goverment of Canada. “Alternative Approaches,” 2021. https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/csj-sjc/ccs-ajc/04.html#:~:text=Sentencing circles,a circle format to discuss:.
Goverment of Canada. “Overrepresentation of Indigenous People in the Canadian Criminal Justice System: Causes and Responses,” 2023. https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/jr/oip-cjs/p5.html.
“Indonesia: Aktivis Lingkungan Dan Tokoh Masyarakat Adat Dituntut Secara Sewenang-Wenang,” Human Rights Watch, 2026, https://www.hrw.org/id/news/2026/07/28/indonesia-environmentalists-indigenous-leaders-unjustly-prosecuted.
Joanny F. M. Pesulima. “AMAN Kecam Tindakan Brutal Polisi Tembaki Masyarakat Adat Di Halmahera Timur.” aman.or.id, 2025. https://aman.or.id/news/read/2075.
Komnas HAM. “Detail Aduan Agraria Tahun 2023.” https://dataham.komnasham.go.id/home/visualisasi_data, 2023.
Lilles, Heino. “Circle Sentencing: Part of the Restorative Justice Continuum.” International Institute for Restorative Practices Graduate School, 2002. https://www.iirp.edu/news/circle-sentencing-part-of-the-restorative-justice-continuum#:~:text=It ( The circle ) is a,by the offending behaviour%2C including the community.
Lyandra, Naomi, and Cornelia. “Mengapa RUU Masyarakat Adat Mendesak Untuk Segera Disahkan?” kbr.id, 2025. https://kbr.id/articles/ragam/mengapa-ruu-masyarakat-adat-mendesak-untuk-segera-disahkan-.
Rizaty, Monavia Ayu. “Ada 2.161 Komunitas Adat Di Indonesia, Berikut Sebarannya.” Data Indonesia, 2022. https://dataindonesia.id/varia/detail/ada-2161-komunitas-adat-di-indonesia-berikut-sebarannya.
Canada Statistics. “First Nations People , Métis and Inuit in Canada.” Canada, 2022
Centre for International Governance Innovation. “UNDRIP Implementation Braiding International, Domestic, and Indigenous Laws.” Carol Bonnett, 2017.
Stuart, Judge Barry. “Environmental Sentencing : Making The Best Of A Blunt Instrument.” In A Symposium on Environment in the Courtroom (III): Sentencing and Environmental Offences. Dalhaouse: Environmental Education for Judges and Court Practitioners, 2014.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
License
Copyright (c) 2026 by the Auhtor(s) Published by Development Centre Research of Law and Scientific Publication on behalf of the Faculty of Law, Universitas Lampung
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
