Criminal Liability Model for Deepfake AI Developers: European Union Inspiration for Indonesia’s Legal Framework
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25041/ip.v6i1.4612Abstract
The rapid development of Artificial Intelligence (AI), particularly deepfake technology, presents both opportunities and risks, including fraud, disinformation, and digital sexual crimes. In Indonesia, the legal framework primarily holds users accountable while leaving AI developers largely unregulated, creating legal gaps and weakening victim protection. This study examines criminal liability for AI developers under Indonesian law and proposes an ideal model inspired by the European Union, where developers face obligations for transparency, labeling, and liability for defective AI products. Using normative legal research and comparative analysis, the study finds that shifting accountability toward developers would enhance victim protection, close regulatory gaps, and establish a balanced legal framework that aligns AI innovation with responsibility.
Keywords:
Artificial intelegent, Deepfake, Indonesia, Uni EropaReferences
Adzhar Anugerah Trunapasha, Pan Lindawaty Suherman Sewu, Dian Narwastuty, Shelly Kurniawan. “Penyalahgunaan Artificial Intelligence Terhadap Tokoh Masyarakat Dalam Konten Di Media Sosial Berdasarkan Perundangan-Undangan Di Indonesia.” Correspondencias & Análisis 9, no. 15018 (2016): 1–23.
Afiftania, Lana Aulia, and Dian Purnama Anugerah. “Penerapan Prinsip Vicarious Liability Dalam Pertanggungjawaban Perseroan Terbatas.” Notaire 5, no. 3 (2022).
Ajder, Henry, Giorgio Patrini, Francesco Cavalli, and Laurence Cullen. “The State Of Deepfakes: Landspace, Threats, and Impact.” Deeptrace Labs, no. September (2019): 1–27. https://regmedia.co.uk/2019/10/08/deepfake_report.pdf.
Artika Rachmi Farmita. “Ledakan Pornografi Deepfake Di Era AI.” Tempo, 2025. https://www.tempo.co/newsletter/ledakan-pornografi-deepfake-di-era-ai-2056243#google_vignette.
DA, Ady Thea. “Mengenali Tiga Model Pertanggungjawaban Platform Digital.” HukumOnline.Com, 2021. https://www.hukumonline.com/berita/a/mengenali-tiga-model-pertanggungjawaban-platform-digital-lt61a4e6ec3a7ce/.
deepfacer.app. “Terms of Use,” 2022. https://deepfacer.app/terms_of_use/.
Deepfake Maker. “Terms of Use,” 2024. https://deepfakemaker.io/terms-of-service/.
Dewi Asri Puannandini, Raihan Ma’ruf Fabian, Reival Andhika Putra Firdaus, M Zainal, and Indra Herdiyana Mustopa. “Liabilitas Produk Ai Dalam Sistem Hukum Indonesia: Implikasi Bagi Pengembang, Pengguna, Dan Penyedia Layanan.” Iuris Studia: Jurnal Kajian Hukum 6, no. 1 (2025): 24–34. https://doi.org/10.55357/is.v6i1.808.
Firyalfatin. “Deepfake Kian Mengkhawatirkan, Pemerintah Minta Platform Global Hadirkan Fitur Deteksi Konten AI.” HukumOnline.Com, 2025. https://www.hukumonline.com/berita/a/deepfake-kian-mengkhawatirkan--pemerintah-minta-platform-global-hadirkan-fitur-deteksi-konten-ai-lt68c3c6073feff/.
Folorunsho, Femi, and Benedicta Frema Boamah. “Deepfake Technology and Its Impact: Ethical Considerations, Societal Disruptions, and Security Threats in Ai-Generated Media.” International Journal of Information Technology and Management Information Systems 16, no. 1 (2025): 1060–80. https://doi.org/10.34218/ijitmis_16_01_076.
Hardiyanti QAyunil, S., S Urrahman, and T Aurelia Rahim. “Kedudukan Dan Konsep Pertanggungjawaban Artificial Intelegence Dalam Hukum Positif Indonesia.” UNES Law Review 6, no. 4 (2024): 12687–93.
Haris, Muhammad Tan Abdul Rahman, and Tantimin Tantimin. “Analisis Pertanggungjawaban Hukum Pidana Terhadap Pemanfaatan Artificial Intelligence Di Indonesia.” Jurnal Komunikasi Hukum (JKH) 8, no. 1 (2022): 307–16. https://doi.org/10.23887/jkh.v8i1.44408.
Henderson, Peter, and Mark A. Lemley. “The Mirage of Artificial Intelligence Terms of Use Restrictions.” Indiana Law Journal 100, no. 4 (2025): 1327–87.
Kasita, Ivana Dewi. “Deepfake Pornografi: Tren Kekerasan Gender Berbasis Online (KGBO) Di Era Pandemi Covid-19.” Jurnal Wanita Dan Keluarga 3, no. 1 (2022): 16–26. https://doi.org/10.22146/jwk.5202.
Keamanan, Admin in Peringatan. “‘Deepfake, Al-Crime’, UU PDP, Dan KUHP Baru.” Kementerian Pendayagunaan Aparatur Negara dan Reformasi Birokrasi, 2025. https://csirt.menpan.go.id/posts/deepfake-al-crime-uu-pdp-dan-kuhp-baru.
Kurniawan, Kukuh Dwi, and Dwi Ratna Indri Hapsari. “Pertanggungjawaban Pidana Korporasi Menurut Vicarious Liability Theory.” Jurnal Hukum Ius Quia Iustum 29, no. 2 (2022): 324–46.
Leliana, Intan, Gema Irhamdhika, Achmad Haikal, Rio Septian, and Eddy Kusnadi. “Etika Dalam Era Deepfake: Bagaimana Menjaga Integritas Komunikasi.” Jurnal Visi Komunikasi 22, no. 02 (2024): 234. https://doi.org/10.22441/visikom.v22i02.24229.
Leslie, David. “Understanding Artificial Intelligence Ethics and Safety: A Guide for the Responsible Design and Implementation of AI Systems in the Public Sector.” SSRN Electronic Journal, 2020. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3403301.
McFarland, Alex. “Perplexity AI ‘Membuka Sensor’ DeepSeek R1: Siapa Yang Menentukan Batasan AI?” UNITE.AI, 2025. https://www.unite.ai/id/perplexity-ai-uncensors-deepseek-r1-who-decides-ais-boundaries/.
Muhammad Afif. “Kejahatan Siber Deepfake Di Era Kecerdasan Buatan.” MariNews, 2025. https://marinews.mahkamahagung.go.id/artikel/kejahatan-siber-deepfake-di-era-kecerdasan-buatan-0hb.
Nanin Koeswidi Astut. “Pertanggungjawaban Pidana Pelaku Manipulasi Gambar, Suara Dan Vidio (Deepfake) Menurut Hukum Telematika Di Indonesia.” Institutional Repository, Universitas Kristen Indonesia, 2025. http://repository.uki.ac.id/18421/.
Ngurah Adi Kusuma. “Korban Deepfake Di Bali, Foto Teman Jadi Konten Asusila, Oknum Mahasiswa Unud Terancam Sanksi.” Tribun-Bali.com, 2025. https://bali.tribunnews.com/2025/04/26/korban-deepfake-di-bali-foto-teman-jadi-konten-asusila-oknum-mahasiswa-unud-terancam-sanksi.
Putri, Nadea Aulia, and Maria Novita Apriyani. “Pertanggungjawaban Pidana Pelaku Kekerasan Seksual Berbasis Elektronik Artificial Intelegence (Deep Fake Porn).” Wajah Hukum 9, no. 1 (2025): 348. https://doi.org/10.33087/wjh.v9i1.1725.
Sofian, Ahmad. “Konsepsi Subjek Hukum Dan Pertanggungjawaban Pidana Artificial Intellegence The Concept of Legal Subjects and Criminal Responsibility of Artificial Intelligence” 9, no. 1 (2025): 13–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741659020917434.Doowon.
Syahirah, Sabrina Nur, Bayu Prasetyo, Universitas Muhammadiyah, and Kalimantan Timur. “Tinjauan Yuridis Terhadap Penggunaan Teknologi Deepfake Untuk Pornografi Melalui Artificial Intelligence (Ai) Di Indonesia.” Jurnal Inovasi Hukum Dan Kebijakan 6, no. 1 (2025): 191–212. https://ejurnals.com/ojs/index.php/jihk.
Team, Reface. “Terms of Use.” reface, 2024. https://reface.ai/terms.
Utama, Andhika Nugraha, Prama Tusta Kesuma, and Rio Maulana Hidayat. “Analisis Hukum Terhadap Upaya Pencegahan Kasus Deepfake Porn Dan Pendidikan Kesadaran Publik Di Lingkungan Digital.” Jurnal Pendidikan Tambusa 7, no. 3 (2023): 26179–88.
Zulfikar Hardiansyah, Reska K. Nistanto. “Selebriti Dan Tokoh Publik Yang Jadi Korban Video Deepfake Selain Nagita Slavina.” Kompas.com, 2022. https://tekno.kompas.com/read/2022/01/19/13160047/selebriti-dan-tokoh-publik-yang-jadi-korban-video-deepfake-selain-nagita.
Downloads
Total Abstract Views: 38 |
Total Downloads: 45
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright
Copyright (c) 2025 by the Auhtor(s) Published by Development Centre Research of Law and Scientific Publication on behalf of the Faculty of Law, Universitas Lampung
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
