Elite Victimization: A Positivist Victimology Analysis of the August 2025 Looting of Official Homes in the Frame of Social Media Framing
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25041/ip.v6i2.4715Abstract
The looting of state officials’ residences represents a distinct form of social conflict in which political elites become victims of collective violence. This study analyzes how officials’ actions and policies contributed to victim precipitation during the August 2025 looting and how social media framing transformed this process into perceived moral legitimacy. Using a juridical–normative method with qualitative analysis of victimology theory, legal norms, and academic literature, the study finds that officials retain legal victim status but are socially perceived as contributing to their victimization through unpopular policies and controversial public conduct. This contribution is mediated and amplified by social media framing, which shapes public opinion and reframes looting as a form of “social correction.” The findings confirm the relevance of positivist victimology in the digital era while highlighting the role of digital platforms in constructing victimization. The study recommends integrating victimological perspectives into victim protection policies and strengthening ethical public communication by state officials.
Keywords:
Positivist Victimology, Looting, Media FramingDownloads
References
Abelia, Nova, Karina Jinan Farah, Damar Wibisono, Imam Mahmud, dan Usman Raidar. “Dampak Framing Tagar #Kaburajadulu Terhadap Opini Publik dan Kebijakan Sosial di Indonesia.” Filosofi: Publikasi Ilmu Komunikasi, Desain, Seni Budaya 2, Nomor 2 (2025): 71–77. https://doi.org/10.62383/filosofi.v2i2.577.
Alfi, Imam, dan Umi Halwati. “Faktor-Faktor Blaming Victim (Menyalahkan Korban) di Wilayah Praktik Pekerja Sosial.” IMEJ: Islamic Management and Empowerment Journal 1, Nomor 2 (2019): 217–228. https://doi.org/10.18326/imej.v1i2.217-228.
Anggara, Satya, dan Herdito Sandi Pratama. “Masyarakat Jejaring, Media Sosial, dan Transformasi Ruang Publik: Refleksi Mengenai Fenomena Arab Spring dan ‘Teman Ahok.’” Paradigma: Jurnal Kajian Budaya 9, Nomor 3 (2019): 287–310. https://doi.org/doi:%252010.17510/paradigma.v9i3.241.
Ariyanti, Vivi. “Korban Tindak Pidana Penyalahgunaan Narkotika: Analisis Perspektif Viktimologi.” Lex Prudentium. 1, Nomor 1 (2022): 37–52. https://doi.org/10.61619/lexprudentium.v1i1.4.
Bensimon, Moshe. “Victimization in light of self-compassion: Development towards communal compassion.” Aggression and Violent Behavior 35 (2017): 44–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2017.06.002.
Berger, Peter L., dan Thomas Luckmann. The Social Construction of Reality. Doubleday, 1966.
Biyogo, Enwin Nyarangi, dan Daniel Oloo Ong’ong’a. “The Effect of Media Framing on Public Perception of Political Financing in Kisii County, Kenya.” African Journal of Empirical Research 5, Nomor 4 (2024): 1453–68. https://doi.org/10.51867/ajernet.5.4.122.
Brotto, Gaelle L. M., Grant Sinnamon, dan Wayne Petherick. “Chapter 3 - Victimology and Predicting Victims of Personal Violence.” Dalam The Psychology of Criminal and Antisocial Behavior, disunting oleh Wayne Petherick dan Grant Sinnamon. Academic Press, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-809287-3.00003-1.
Butarbutar, Jonner Marulitua. “Revolusi Digital dan Tantangan Kriminologis: Analisis terhadap Tren Kriminalitas dalam Era Digitalisasi.” Media Hukum Indonesia 2, Nomor 6 (2025): 145–150. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15493512.
Cassel, Paul G., dan Morris Michael. “Defining ‘Victim’ Through Harm: Crime Victim Status in the Crime Victims’ Rights Act and Other Victims’ Rights Enactments.” SSRN Electronic Journal, advance online publication, 2023. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4365790.
Chan, Tommy K. H., Christy M. K. Cheung, dan Zach W. Y. Lee. “Cyberbullying on social networking sites: A literature review and future research directions.” Information & Management 58, no. 2 (2021): 103411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2020.103411.
Cohen, Stanley. Folk Devils and Moral Panics: The Creation of the Mods and Rockers. Routledge, 2011.
Connolly, Emma. “How does social media content go viral across platforms? Modelling the spread of Kamala is brat across X, TikTok, and Instagram.” Journal of Information Technology & Politics 0, no. 0 (2025): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2025.2519052.
DetikJateng. Daftar Nama Pejabat yang Rumahnya Dijarah Massa, Ada Sahroni-Sri Mulyani. 31 Agustus 2025. Tersedia online https://www.detik.com/jateng/berita/d-8089090/daftar-nama-pejabat-yang-rumahnya-dijarah-massa-ada-sahroni-sri-mulyani#google_vignette.
Djupandang, Lilis Sandra H. “Tinjauan Hukum terhadap Penanganan Kasus Penjarahan dalam Perspektif KUHP dan Perlindungan Korban.” Al-Zayn: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial & Hukum 3, Nomor 5 (2025): 6004–6016. https://doi.org/10.61104/alz.v3i5.2204.
Entman, Robert M. “Framing: Toward Clarification of A Fractured Paradigm.” Journal of Communication, advance online publication, 1993. https://doi.org/DOI:%252010.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x.
Esther Buchnik, Barak Ariel, dan Eran Itskovich, “Victims’ Satisfaction with Police Communication Strategies in Discontinued Cases: Unveiling the Limits through a Randomised Controlled Trial in Israel,” Journal of Criminal Justice 92 (2024): 102194, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102194.
Fahruddin, Ahmad. “Etika Komunikasi Pejabat Publik dalam Penanganan Pandemi Covid-19.” El Madani: Jurnal Dakwah dan Komunikasi Islam 2, Nomor 02 (2021). https://doi.org/10.53678/elmadani.v2i02.290.
Foreman, Kelsey, Cecilia Arteaga, dan Aushawna Collins. “The Role of Media Framing in Crime Reports: How Different Types of News Frames and Racial Identity Affect Viewers’ Perceptions of Race.” Pepperdine Journal of Communication Research 4, Article 12 (2016): 7–13. https://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/pjcr/vol4/iss1/12.
Gosita, Arif. Masalah Korban Kejahatan: Kumpulan Karangan. Penerbit Universitas Trisakti, 2009.
Hasana, Amalia, dan Nurhayati Nurha. “Comparative Analysis of the Use of Traditional and Digital Media in Introducing Local Cultural Heritage to the Younger Generation.” IHSA Institute 4, Nomor 2 (2025): 45–54. www. plus62.isha.or.id/index.php/cebong.
Hentig, Hans von. The Criminal and His Victim. Yale University Press, 1948.
Indah, C. Maya. Perlindungan Korban Suatu Perspektif Viktimologi dan Kriminologi. Kedua. Kencana, 2014.
Irham, Muhammad, dan Dwiki Marta Muharam. “Mei 98: Kisah eks aktivis mahasiswa yang memilih jalan sunyi - dari petani, pekerja kreatif, sampai usaha warung kopi.” BBC News Indonesia, 2023. https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/majalah-65595155.
Julianti, Alviena. “Komunikasi Toleransi Dalam Film Itu Bulat Perspektif Framing Gamson Dan Modigliani.” Al-Qoul: Jurnal Dakwah Dan Komunikasi 3, Nomor 1 (2024): 61–84. https://ejurnal.iiq.ac.id/index.php/alqaul/article/view/1347.
Kristian, Indra. “Kebijakan Publik Dan Tantangan Implementasi Di Indonesia.” Jurnal Dialektika: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial 21, Nomor 2 (2023): 88–98. https://doi.org/10.63309/dialektika.v21i2.155.
Kusumaningsih, Rila. “Peran Media Dalam Mempengaruhi Opini Publik Tentang Hukum Dan Keadilan.” JISHUM (Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Humaniora) 3, Nomor 1 (2024): 22–40. https://journal.ikmedia.id/index.php/jishum.
Kusumawati, Mustika Prabaningrum. “Harmonisasi Antara Etika Publik dan Kebijakan Publik.” Jurnal Yuridis 6, Nomor 1 (2019): 1–23. https://doi.org/10.35586/jyur.v6i1.794.
Mahatma, Yudhi. “Moral Panic Di Era Pasca Kebenaran.” Conference On Communication and News Media Studies 1 (2019): 68–81. https://proceeding.umn.ac.id/index.php/COMNEWS/article/view/1081.
Metrotvnews.com. Rumah Pejabat Jadi Sasaran Kemarahan Rakyat. 3 September 2025. Tersedia online https://www.metrotvnews.com/play/NQACYaJR-rumah-pejabat-jadi-sasaran-kemarahan-rakyat.
Miers, David. “Positivis Victimology: A Critique.” International Review of Victimology 1, Nomer 1 (1989): 3–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/026975808900100102.
Pangestuti, Ratna Dewi, dan Farid Pribadi. “Konstruksi Sosial Pendidikan Umum Bagi Penyandang Disabilitas.” Jurnal Ilmiah Dinamika Sosial 6, Nomor 1 (2022): 37–48. https://doi.org/10.38043/jids.v6i1.3253.
Peluchette, Joy V., Katherine Karl, Christa Wood, dan Jennifer Williams. “Cyberbullying victimization: Do victims’ personality and risky social network behaviors contribute to the problem?” Computers in Human Behavior 52 (2015): 424–435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.06.028.
Rasiwan, Irwan. Suatu Pengantar Viktimologi. PT Indonesia Delapan Kreasi Nusa, 2024.
Reska, Komang Gede, Joany Kernia Pradila, Agung Laksmi Dewi, dan I Made Minggu Widyarntara. “Tinjauan Yuridis Pemidanaan Terhadap Pelaku Tindak Pidana Penjarahan.” Jurnal Prefensi Hukum 2, Nomor 3 (2021). https://doi.org/10.22225/jph.2.3.3990.496-501.
Rohmat, Noor. Hukum Kriminologi Dan Viktimologi. K-Media, 2024.
Sahid, Raden Mas. “Sosiologi Pemerintahan: Penjarahan Di Kota Palufaktor, Aktor Dan Penanggulangan.” The Indonesian Jurnal of Politics And Policy (IJJP) 1, Nomor 1 (2019): 83–93. https://journal.unsika.ac.id/index.php/IJPP/article/view/1649/1304.
Saputra, Andrian Eka Darma, Ayu Romadina, dan Muhammad Hasan Maki. “Analisis Perkembangan Teori Viktimologi Terhadap Anak Sebagai Korban Tindak Pidana Kekerasan Dalam Rumah Tangga.” Jurnal Ilmiah Multidisiplin Vol. 2 No.7 (Juni 2023): 3174–3183. https://doi.org/10.56799/jim.v2i7.1855.
Saputra, Auditya Firza. “One Nation Under Virtual Office: Kontrol Sosial, Aktivisme Viral, dan Patroli nternet: Aktivisme Viral di Era Patroli Siber.” Jentera: Jurnal Hukum 4, Nomor 1 (2021): 414–439. https://jurnal.jentera.ac.id/index.php/jentera/article/view/28.
Sidiq, Haerullah Nur. “Tindakan Kepolisian Dalam Menyelesaikan Masalah Penjarahan/Pencurian Disaat Terjadi Suatu Bencana Alam.” Journal of Law 5, Nomor 2 (2019): 1–26. http://ejurnal.untag-smd.ac.id/index.php/DD/article/view/4738.
Sinambela, Larisa. “Membongkar Algoritma: Studi Kualitatif Tentang Kesadaran Pengguna Terhadap Filter Bubble Dan Echo Chamber.” Jurnal of Global and Multidiciplinary 2, Nomor 10 (2024): 3027–3033. https://journal.institercom-edu.org/index.php/multiple/article/view/578.
Suhendra, dan Feny Selly Pratiwi. “Peran Komunikasi Digital dalam Pembentukan Opini Publik: Studi Kasus Media Sosial.” Iapa Proceedings Conference, 2024, 293–315. https://doi.org/10.30589/proceedings.2024.1059.
Sumardi, Franky Bangkit, Selamat Rapama Sihombing, dan Junifer Dame Panjaitan. “Pendekatan Victimologi Terhadap Anak Sebagai Korban Kekerasan Fisik.” Causa: Jurnal Hukum dan Kewarganegaraan 14, Nomor 9 (2025): 4–20. https://doi.org/10.6679/15mve323.
Sutresno, Nanang. “Viktimisasi Struktural terhadap Pengguna Jalan dalam Konteks Kemacetan Kota Besar.” Reformasi: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik 15, Nomor 1 (2025): 30–49. https://10.33366/rfr.v%2525vi%2525i.6622.
Syarif, Akhmad Syaputra, dan Rizka Halida. “Aksi Kolektif Pada Gerakan Sosial: Sebuah Perspektif Psikologi.” Psyche: Jurnal Psikologi Universitas Muhammadiyah Lampung 7, Nomor 1 (2025): 1–27. https://doi.org/10.36269/psyche.v7i1.2783.
Takala, Jukka-Pekka, dan Kauko Aromaa. “Victimology.” Dalam Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace, & Conflict (Second Edition), Second Edition, disunting oleh Lester Kurtz. Academic Press, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012373985-8.00189-6.
Temmann, Lin Julian, Annemarie Wiedicke, Sophia Schaller, Sebastian Scherr, dan Doreen Reifegerste. “A Systematic Review of Responsibility Frames and Their Effects in the Health Context.” J Health Commun 26, Nomor 12 (2021): 828–838. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2021.2020381.
Tempo. Kronologi Demo Memprotes DPR hingga Meluas Berubah Penjarahan. 31 Agustus 2025. Tersedia online https://www.tempo.co/politik/kronologi-demo-memprotes-dpr-hingga-meluas-berubah-penjarahan-2065182.
The Guardian, Bangladesh PM has resigned and left country, army chief confirms, 5 Agustus 2024, Tersedia Online https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/aug/05/bangladesh-pm-has-resigned-and-left-country-media-reports-say-sheikh-hasina.
Tribratakutim. Polri melalui Bareskrim Polri merilis data terbaru penanganan hukum pasca kerusuhan yang terjadi pada 25–31 Agustus 2025. 29 September 2025. Tersedia online https://www.tribratakutim.com/kabar-polsek/polri-melalui-bareskrim-polri-merilis-data-terbaru-penanganan-hukum-pasca-kerusuhan-yang-terjadi-pada-25-31-agustus-2025/92074.html.
Wagner, Anna, dan Linn Temmann. “Memefying Mental Illness: A Qualitative Content Analysis of Mental Illness Portrayals in #Depressionmemes on Instagram.” International Journal of Communication 19, 2025, 1311–1336. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/23534.
Wolfgang, Martin F. “Victim Precipitated Criminal Homicide.” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 48, no. 1 (1957). https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/jclc/vol48/iss1/1.
Wolhuter, Lorraine, Neil Oley, dan David Denham. Viktimisation and Victis’ Right. Routledge-Cevendish, 2009.
Yılmaz, Tuğba. “Victimology from clinical psychology perspective: psychological assessment of victims and professionals working with victims.” Current Psychology, 2021, 1592–1600. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01433-z.
Yusrina, Kamila Majazeta, Mutiara Maharani, Najmii Ula Aliffah, dan Neiny Ratminangsih. “Budaya Korupsi: Ketimpangan Sosial Ekonomi Antar Pejabat Negara Dan Masyarakat Akibat Pandemi.” Jurnal Sosial Dan Sains 3, Nomor 12 (2023): 1328–1337. https://doi.org/10.59188/jurnalsosains.v3i12.1158.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
License
Copyright (c) 2025 by the Auhtor(s) Published by Development Centre Research of Law and Scientific Publication on behalf of the Faculty of Law, Universitas Lampung

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.






